Author:
Andy O'Brien, CFA | Portfolio Manager, Global Technology
On an investment research team, it’s a bit unusual for semiconductor and utilities analysts to be deeply involved with a common theme. But the far-reaching implications of artificial intelligence are driving research collaboration in new and exciting ways. As AI enthusiasm and investment has intensified, the underlying issue of power consumption has grown from background noise to a loud roar.
Power-hungry GPUs — graphics processing units that power AI technology — are becoming the primary underlying silicon within data centers. An average AI server is as much as 14 times more power-intensive than a traditional enterprise server. Data center power consumption was already growing quickly prior to 2022. But the recent widespread adoption of AI, and its subsequent reliance on parallel processors, has served as an accelerant. It is estimated that data center power consumption could increase from 2% of total U.S .electricity consumption to as much as 10% in the next four years. This brings potential disruption — and opportunities — to a wide range of businesses.
The challenges and opportunities for chip makers
A key concern for semiconductor companies is that at some point, perhaps as soon as 2026, power constraints could limit data center expansion and negatively impact the demand for their GPUs and other accelerators. We believe this is relatively unlikely as we see this issue as solvable. Through increased attention, capital, and innovation from a variety of companies exposed to this theme, we expect data center capacity growth will continue at or above planned levels. In addition to increased data center efficiencies, there is also an opportunity to increase energy capacity via both renewable and traditional sources.
Beyond the potential constraint on data center capacity growth, another implication for semiconductor companies is an increased focus on the power intensity of chips. We expect NVIDIA’s approach of making the biggest and most power-hungry chips will create opportunities for other players in the space. This will likely benefit companies focused on competitive AI chips as well as those participating in custom silicon efforts. The interplay between performance and power consumption will be increasingly important for chip makers in the years ahead.
The interplay between performance and power consumption will be increasingly important for chip makers in the years ahead.”
In addition to the focus on the core GPU, there are other opportunities for innovation to drive efficiencies. One example is liquid cooling. As data center infrastructure becomes increasingly power dense, traditional air cooling begins to reach its limits and companies will turn toward alternative methods such as direct-to-chip liquid cooling. In our research, we are finding attractive companies with solutions in both air and liquid cooling.
Hyperscalers can help with power consumption challenges
Large cloud service providers such as Microsoft, Amazon, and Google — known as hyperscalers — will also be critical for unlocking solutions to power constraints. Like semiconductor companies, they face a range of challenges, but based on our discussions with these companies, we expect a wide and innovative range of approaches.
Based on our discussions with hyperscalers, we expect a wide and innovative range of approaches to power consumption challenges.”
A less-discussed risk is the potential for hyperscalers to purchase power that would otherwise be used for retail consumption, such as heating homes. If, for example, a hyperscaler was willing to pay higher rates than a small township, the power supply to consumers could be constrained. This is both a fundamental and reputational risk for these businesses. Today such scenarios are more hypothetical, but it will be critical to track advances in power efficiency across the tech stack to ensure these risks remain manageable.
Power consumption should be considered a primary risk — and opportunity — related to the AI theme, and it will need continuous research and tracking. Despite the challenges, we continue to believe the rapidly evolving AI technology presents compelling investment opportunities across a range of industries. It is clear to us that we remain in the early stages of a growing wave of investment in generative AI compute, and we believe this trend is sustainable. But we are also tracking a proliferation of new and exciting applications across enterprise and consumer use cases, and these will be critical to ensuring continued growth. Our investment team remains excited about a broad range of investment opportunities set to benefit from the deployment and adoption of Generative AI.
This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific time and is not intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results. This information should not be relied upon as research or investment advice regarding any strategy or security in particular. Any mention of specific securities is intended to help illustrate Putnam's research process and should not be considered a recommendation or solicitation to purchase or sell the securities. Potential market trends and opportunities were selected without regard to whether such trends and opportunities, or relevant securities, were profitable and are intended to help illustrate our investment and research process. It should not be assumed that any investment in these securities was, or will prove to be, profitable, or that the investment decisions we make in the future will be profitable or equal to the investment performance of securities referenced herein. There is no assurance that any securities referenced herein are currently held in a Putnam portfolio or that securities sold have not been repurchased. Any securities mentioned are not necessarily held by Putnam for all client portfolios.
This material is a general communication being provided for informational and educational purposes only. It is not designed to be investment advice or a recommendation of any specific investment product, strategy, or decision, and is not intended to suggest taking or refraining from any course of action. The opinions expressed in this material represent the current, good-faith views of the author(s) at the time of publication. The views are provided for informational purposes only and are subject to change. This material does not take into account any investor's particular investment objectives, strategies, tax status, or investment horizon. Investors should consult a financial advisor for advice suited to their individual financial needs. Putnam Investments cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any statements or data contained in the material. Predictions, opinions, and other information contained in this material are subject to change. Any forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and Putnam assumes no duty to update them. Forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. As with any investment, there is a potential for profit as well as the possibility of loss.
This material or any portion hereof may not be reprinted, sold, or redistributed in whole or in part without the express written consent of Putnam Investments. The information provided relates to Putnam Investments and its affiliates, which include The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC and Putnam Investments Limited®.
Putnam Equity Insights reflect the views of the senior investment leaders supported by the fundamental insights of Putnam's global equity research analysts. Predictions, opinions, and other information contained in this article are subject to change. Any forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and Putnam assumes no duty to update them. Forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks, and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated.
Putnam Retail Management, LP and Putnam Investments are Franklin Templeton companies.