Total Returns include change in share price, assume reinvestment of all distributions, and reflect the deduction of fund expenses and applicable fees. Total returns, distribution rate, and yields reflect any applicable expense reductions and fee waivers; without these reductions, the results would have been lower.

Most funds offer multiple share classes. Share classes are subject to different fees and expenses, which will affect their performance.

Certain share classes are only offered to eligible investors as stated in the prospectus. Different minimums may apply to clients of certain service agents. All classes of shares are not available through all distribution channels. See the Fund's prospectus for additional information.

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Important data provider notices and terms available at www.franklintempletondatasources.com.

Performance data quoted represents past performance, which does not guarantee future results. 

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Indexes are unmanaged and one cannot invest directly in an index. They do not reflect any fees, expenses or sales charges. 

Investors should carefully consider a fund's investment goals, risks, sales charges and expenses before investing. The prospectus contains this and other information. Please read the prospectus carefully before investing or sending money.

Putnam funds are not exchangeable for other funds distributed by Franklin Distributors, LLC. 

Franklin Distributors, LLC. Member FINRA/SIPC. Putnam Investment is a Franklin Templeton company. Investment Products: NOT FDIC INSURED | NO BANK GUARANTEE | MAY LOSE VALUE.

Reports and other information about the funds are available on the EDGAR Database on the SEC's Internet site at www.sec.gov.